Jamnapari ...Penjelasan Lanjut

JAMNAPARI

Jamnapari is originated from the frontier of India and Pakistan, it has been imported from India to Indonesia since 1953. After years of breeding, Jamnapari has become the highest quality breed in Indonesia.

Jamnapari is famous for its large and graceful body. It has long ears and thick fur on rumps. Male Jamnapari is weighted up to 120 kg while the female is up to 90 kg. Though they are large in size, they are mild in nature. They like idling around the barn, looking for water and food.

High Reproduction Rate

Male Jamnapari is sexually strong and can copulate with female frequently. Female Jamnapari will give birth to one kid and 2 to 4 kids can be born after the first kidding. Jamnapari can be used to cross breed with the local goat and give birth to a stronger breed, which can grow up to the local goat's weight after only three months.

Suitable For Tropical Weather

Originated from India, the cultivation of Jamnapari has been a huge success in Indonesia. Jamnapari is less prone to sickness in tropical countries and it's not necessary to give them any injection. Even if they catch a flu, all they need is an antibiotic. Malaysia being in the same region as Indonesia have very similar climate to Indonesia, making it a suitable place to raise Jamnapari.

Cultivation Tips For Jamnapari

The maximum period of cultivation for the Jamnapari is five years, and an assortment of grass would serve as the primary food source. Complete nutritional requirement can be met with dietary supplements. One meal a day would be sufficed. Artificial feed is inexpensive, amounting to a few tenths of Malaysian cents. In terms of water, all that is required is sufficient supply and proper placement to ensure hygiene.

Jamnapari is best kept in wooden barns of 40' x 100' with concrete pillars. Barn cleanliness is a key factor in preventing diseases. Barn floors should be washed daily with water jets. Excreta drop in between cavities of floor wood planks should be clean up promptly to prevent germs.

More On Breeding Of Jamnapari

In order to produce high quality breeds, the breeding pairs should be given special care. The male should be separated from the others so that it becomes more docile and easy to tame. Other than that, the feed's quality and quantity is also important. Males for breeding required a more varied assortment of nutrition.

Males for breeding are typically between 1-5 years. The female breeder's age and history of pregnancy affects reproductive ability much more clearly. The number of pubs produced increase with number of times pregnant, and stabilizes after the fourth pregnancy. However, this number decreases after five years of age. Therefore, pregnancy rate and pub survivor rate is the highest for 1-4 years old Jamnapari, and is the peak period for breeding.

Kids should be separated from the mother one week after birth, and fed manually four times a day. The separation helps the mother to return to the next ovulation period faster. In this manner, the mother's frequency can increase from three times in two years, to five in three - thus greatly increasing productivity.

BOER - Baik & Buruk Dalam Konteks Malaysia PENTING !!!

Kambing Boer merupakan kambing pedaging yang tebaik kerana rangkanya besar, manakala saiz tulangnya pula kecil dan mempunyai peratusan daging yang tinggi. Kambing Boer Baka Pejantan boleh mencapai berat melebihi 100kg bila mencapai umur 2 tahun, manakala Boer kacukan yang biasanya dibuat sembelihan boleh mencapai berat sekitar 40-50kg apabila mencapai umur 1 tahun. Peratusan daging (karkas) yang diperolehi biasanya sekitar 50-55% daripada berat hidup.

Kambing Boer samaada jantan atau betina, buat masa ini kebanyakannya adalah diimport dari Australia. Boer jantan selalunya agak lasak dan tahan terhadap perubahan iklim dan suasana persekitaran, yang nyata berbeza di antara Malaysia dan tempat asalnya Australia. Iklim di Malaysia adalah panas lembap di mana hujan turun dengan lebat pada masa-masa tertentu. Di Australia pula, iklimnya panas dan kering, dan kadar kelembapan udaranya rendah. Cara penternakan Boer di Australia adalah secara lepas bebas di mana kambing makan secara meragut rumput dengan bebas, dan jarang sekali berinteraksi degan manusia. Di Malaysia pula, kambing terpaksa dikurung di dalam kandang dan makanan diberi secara berjadual (fidlot). Hanya apabila cuaca panas dan kering sahaja kambing boleh dibiarkan merayau dan makan bebas di padang ragut. Ini adalah untuk mengelakkan jangkitan penyakit seerti kecacingan dan kurap.

Boer betina pula adalah tidak lasak dan mudah alah kepada perubahan iklim dan persekitaran. Pengalaman menunjukkan bahawa kadar kematian adalah tinggi bagi Boer betina yang diimport dari Australia untuk diternak di Malaysia. Kematian selalunya adalah disebabkan oleh merebaknya penyakit pneumonia di dalam kandang, dan ini selalunya berlaku pada musim hujan. Risiko kematian selalunya sangat tinggi dalam tempoh 6 bulan ketibaan kambing Boer ini di Malaysia. Selepas tempoh itu, barulah Boer betina ini dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan iklim dan persekitaran baru di negara kita.

Setengah-setengah penternak kehilangan sehingga kira-kira 50% dari bilangan Boer betina yang diimport akibat kematian.

Oleh itu, bagi penternak yang ingin menternak kambing Boer, adalah dinasihatkan membeli Boer betina yang sudah mengalami penyesuaian dengan iklim tempatan ('climatised') walau pun harga pasarannya agak tinggi berbanding Boer betina yang baru tiba. Pilihan lain adalah membeli anak kambing Boer kelahiran tempatan dan membesarkannya sehingga dewasa untuk dijadikan induk.

Untuk kos yang lebih rendah, penternak boleh juga menggunakan kambing kacukan tempatan atau yang diimport dari Indonesia untuk dikahwinkan dengan Pejantan Boer FB bagi menghasilkan anak boer kacukan F1. Walau bagaimana pun, kami tidak menggalakkan penternak membeli kambing kacukan dari Thailand/Myanmar kerana peratusan yang membawa penyakit berjangkit adalah sangat tinggi. Penyakit yang dimaksudkan adalah brucella (brucellosis), penyakit ini boleh merebak kepada ternakan anda yang lain yang berada di dalam kandang yang sama.

Mengenali Kambing Boer Lebih Lanjut

KAMBING BOER

Asal usul Kambing Boer pada dasarnya tidak begitu jelas, tetapi ramai penyelidik mempercayai ia mempunyai gene pool dari pelbagai baka terutama kambing asli Afrika yang menjadi binatang ternak suku Namaqua Hottentots dan suku asli yang berhijrah dipanggil ‘Souhtern Bantu’.

Di percayai juga terdapat pengaruh kambing dari India, Angora dan Eropah. Kelahiran kambing polled (tidak bertanduk) dipercayai mempunyai pengaruh baka kambing susu dari Eropah. Boer bermaksud ‘farm’ atau ‘ladang’ dalam bahasa Belanda. Boer yang kelihatan hari ini telah ujud semenjak awal 1900an apabila beberapa ladang di Wilayah Timur Cape, Afrika Selatan mula membuat pemilihan baka untuk tujuan pengeluaran daging kambing. Pada 1959 , pembiakan dan pemilihan Kambing Boer mula di kawalselia oleh Boer Goat Breeder’s Association (South Africa).

Berdasarkan Piawaian Baka oleh Boer Goat Breeder’s Association of South Africa, ciri-ciri Boer yang ideal adalah berbadan putih dan coklat/merah dikepala dan leher ( blaze). Kehadiran tompok coklat/merah dibahagian badan pada kadar minima adalah dibenarkan.

Boer adalah binatang yang kuat dan mantap, konformasi badan yang baik. Kaki nya pendek , tegap , berisi serta paha dan bahagian belakang yang tegap dan berotot. Ianya jelas menggambarkan ciri-ciri kambing daging yang baik.

Kambing Boer Jantan mencapai berat 110-135 ketika matang manakala kambing betina 90-100 kg. Daging Boer terkenal tentang keenakannya. Buat masa ini ia mendapat pasaran yang begitu tinggi di Amerika Syarikat terutama untuk kacukan Boer yang mempunyai 75% atau lebih darah Boer.

Ringkasan Ciri-ciri Boer

* Mempunyai gene pool dari pelbagai baka terutama kambing asli Afrika
* Diternak suku Namaqua Hottentots dan suku Southern Bantu
* Terdapat pengaruh kambing India, Angora dan Eropah
* Berbadan Putih & Coklat/ Merah dari kepala ke leher
* Konformasi badan yang baik, tegap dan mantap. Kaki pendek, tegap, berisi serta bahagian paha dan belakang yang tegap dan berotot.

Nota: Ciri-ciri Boer Standard boleh diperolehi dari : http://www.embryoplus.com/other_boergoat_standards.html


Lagi pasal BOER...


BOER GOAT

(Dipetik dari Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

The Boer goat was developed in South Africa in the early 1900s for meat production. Their name is derived from the Dutch word "Boer" meaning farmer. The Boer goat was probably bred from the indigenous goats of the Namaqua Bushmen and the Fooku tribes, with some crossing of Indian and European bloodlines being possible. They were selected for meat rather than milk production; due to selective breeding and improvement, the Boer goat has a fast growth rate and excellent carcass qualities, making it one of the most popular breeds of meat goat in the world. Boer goats have a high resistance to disease and adapt well to hot, dry semi-deserts. U.S. production is centered in west-central Texas, particularly in and around San Angelo. The original US breeding stock came from herds located in New Zealand. Only later were they imported directly from South Africa.

Boer goats commonly have white bodies and distinctive brown heads. Like the Nubian goat, they possess long, pendulous ears. They are noted for being docile, fast growth, and having high fertility rates. Does are reported to have superior mothering skills as compared to other goats. Mature Boer bucks weigh between 110-135 kg (240-300 lb), and mature does between 90-100 kg(200-220 lb).


Commercial meat production

Meat goats are minimal care animals that are browsers by nature, preferring brush, shrubs, and broadleaf weeds rather than grass. Boer goats raised for meat production are typically raised on pastures. The main reasons for this are twofold: pastured goats are on average healthier animals than pen-raised goats; secondly, it costs far less to raise Boer goats on a diet of brush and weeds, than on bags of commercial feed. The ideal option is adequate year-round grazing with only mineral supplementation. Boer goats can be raised effectively in combination with cattle due their preference browse and the resulting limited impact on the grass cover.

Trace minerals are particularly important to good goat health, especially copper. Feed and mineral blocks mark "for sheep and goats" should be avoided. Copper in quantities suitable for goats is toxic to sheep, so dual sheep/goat feeds will almost always lack sufficient copper for goats. Copper deficiency is known to cause anemia, diarrhea, infertility, spontaneous abortions, and lethargy.


Fencing

The three main cost of any Boer goat operation are land, goats, and fencing. Fencing is the second most important thing for goats after land. Without good, strong fencing, you can not have any goats. If goats are not overstocked then fencing is much less of an issue; however, goats are clever and stubborn and there is usually a few in every herd who dedicate themselves to mining every inch of the fence line looking for a weak link. Once it is discovered, they make the most of it, and the rest of the herd will not be far behind. Most farmers use 12.5 gauge fencing, with commercial 1047-6-12.5 (six-inch holes) being the least expensive and most common, however an electrically charged wire or three placed in between the goats and the fencing is often required to prevent escapes. More and more producers are experimenting with 8 and 10 strand four prong barb wire, with good success.


Bucks

A Boer Fullblood Buck

The most critical part of any meat goat operation is the selection of a herd sire (breeding buck). A high quality buck can produce high quality offspring even when mated with an average doe. Boer goats tend to gain weight at about the same rate as their sire, so a buck from a proven fast growing bloodline will command the highest price, as its offspring will tend to also be fast growers. The primary market for slaughter goats is a 35-80 lb kid; kids should reach marketable size at weaning age. The kid of a proven fast-growing sire might weigh 80 pounds at 90 days, while the kid of a poor quality sire might weigh only 35 pounds at 90 days. An average quality buck will initially be less expensive to purchase; however, they can significant undermine an operations long-term profitability. Other criteria for a breeding Buck include:

* Jaw alignment – most meat goats are raised on pasture. A goat with poor jaw alignment will be at a significant disadvantage when feeding on pasture; poor jaw alignment is not acceptable in a commercial herd sire.

* Good feet and legs: needed to move about the pasture. Hoof rot is a common problem for goats that live in high rain areas if the hoofs are not clipped regularly.

* Two well formed equal size testes in a single scrotum: -the main purpose of a buck is to breed does.

For breeding purposes, one buck is normally required for every 25-35 does. Under ideal conditions the ratio can be as high as one buck for every 50 does. Bucks are normally separated from the does except for when breeding is specifically intended. Often does are bred for six weeks every 8 months, resulting in three kid crops every two years!

Successful bucks must be able to survive on pasture. Pen-raised bucks will stay near their pen, while the does they are supposed to breed are out in the pasture.


Does

A Boer Doe

Does used to breed show quality goats are normally very large, as show goats are expected to be of large stature. For commercial meat production medium size does are normally preferred as they produce the same number of kids, but require less feed to do so.

As a general rule the more kids born per doe, the greater profit margins for the owner. Boer goats are polyestrous (they can breed throughout the year), and they reach sexual maturity at 5-9 months of age. A typical breeding program is to produce 3 kid crops every 2 years; meaning the does are pregnant for 5 months, nurse their kids for 3 months, and then are rebred. Multiple births are common and a 200% kid crop is achievable in managed herds. Usually first time does will have one kid, but it is possible for them to have more. After that, they will have an average of two kids each time.

Weaning size is largely controlled by how much milk the mother produces, along with how long she allows each kid to nurse. Does weaning large kids should be kept, those weaning small to medium kids should be removed from the herd.

The presence of a buck causes does to come into estrus (heat) which lasts about 24-36 hours. The gestation period for does varies from 149 to 155 days.

Boer does are normally very good mothers requiring only minimal attention from the owner; however, this is not always true when a doe delivers her very first kid. First time moms should be supervised as the mothering instinct may not manifest itself the first time she delivers. After the first time, Boer does normally make excellent mothers. If after that a doe does not present herself to have "mothering instincts" it is best not to keep her.


Cross breeding

While purebred bucks are usually preferred for breeding purposes, it is common to use crossbreed does for kid production, with the resulting offspring being 7/8 or more Boer. Common crosses are Boer x Spanish goat, Boer x Angora goat, Boer x Kiko goat, and Boer x Nubian goat.

Percentage Boer goats are very common in commercial meat herds, and with those just starting out in the Boer goat business due to ease of acquisition and affordability. Over time, percentage animals can be bred up to American purebred status. An American purebred is a Boer goat of 15/16ths Boer blood (for does) and 31/32nds blood for Boer bucks. Bucks must be one generation of Boer breeding higher then does to achieve this status because they have the potential to spread their genetic pool much further then any single doe; a higher level of Boer blood lessens the chances of other breed qualities in the offspring. American purebreds can never be registered as fullblood, many breeders will still use a good American Purebred buck with excellent results.

Many producers still prefer purebred or fullblood bucks and does, and intentional crossbreeding is far from universal.


Show goats

Although Boer goats raised specifically for show purposes may seem to have little in common with pastured commercial goats, the difference is superficial. They are bred to be larger than normal goats, and meet specific visual appearances, but these very characteristics are valuable genes to add to the commercial herd. Boer goats were originally imported into the US and other countries for this very reason. Their value to ranchers lies in the improvement the addition of their unique genes can offer any breed of goats being raised for meat. Few producers could afford to maintain a herd of essentially useless animals. Show goats are bred to represent the most desirable characteristics of the Boer goat. And their main purpose is to introduce these animals to the public. It is also a method of recognizing the best of the best, although some really superior goats are not shown due to owner preference. Bucks and does that have been bred for show can be and often are used for commercial breeding stock.[1] To show, most Boer goats have to be registered with either the ABGA, IBGA, or USBGA.


Overstocking

Once a section of pasture has reached is full capacity, adding more goats becomes counterproductive. Adding goats does not increase the owners profit margin, instead the forage resource is depleted, the goats must browse closer to the ground which leads to far more parasites, toxic plant problems increase, overall heath of the animals declines, and the goats fail to gain weight. In addition rainfall becomes less effective because the soil has been laid bare, so what rain that does fall turns to run-off instead of being absorbed; thus drought management becomes much harder or impossible. All these factors reduce profit. It is not possible to starve a profit from livestock or rangeland.


Udder Structure

In other breeds of goats it is a disqualifying trait to have more than two teats, Boer goats have been bred to have two or four, in order to easier nurse the higher numbers of kids they have been bred to have. Although the different breed registries do not agree 100% on other aspects, they do agree that up to two teats per side is acceptable.

Pengenalan Kepada Pelbagai Baka Kambing

Salam semua...

Saya cuba untuk memberi sedikit pengenalan kepada pengunjung semua terhadap pelbagai baka kambing utama yang terdapat di seluruh dunia. Saya akan memulakan dengan baka-baka utama yang lebih relevan dengan industri penternakan di negara kita. Insya'Allah saya akan update post ini dari semasa ke semasa untuk memberikan maklumat yang lebih luas skopnya serta lebih terperinci.

Sumber: http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/goats/

Terdapat pelbagai baka utama kambing di seluruh dunia, di antaranya:

1. KAMBING KATJANG
(disebut kajang) iaitu kambing kampung yang dibela secara tradisional di negara kita. Berbadan rendah dan bersaiz kecil. Berat maksima purata bagi induk betina dewasa adalah sekitar 25kg.

2. KAMBING BOER

Also Known by: Africander, Afrikaner, South African common goat

The Boer is an improved indigenous breed with some infusion of European, Angora and Indian goat breeding many years ago. Several researchers agree that the indigenous populations were probably from the Namaqua Hottentots and from southward migrating Bantu tribes. The name is derived from the Dutch word "boer" meaning farmer and was probably used to distinguish the native goats from the Angora goats which were imported into South Africa during the 19th century. The present day Boer goat appeared in the early 1900's when ranchers in the Easter Cape Province started selecting for a meat type goat.

The South African registry was established in 1959. Since 1970 the Boer goat has been incorporated into the National Mutton Sheep and Goat Performance Testing Scheme making it the first goat breed involved in meat production performance testing.

The Boer goat is primarily a meat goat with several adaptations to the region in which it was developed. It is a horned breed with lop ears and showing a variety of color patterns. The Boer goat is being used very effectively in South Africa in combination with cattle due to its browsing ability and limited impact on the grass cover. Producing weaning rates in excess of 160% the Boer goat doe is a low maintenance animal that has sufficient milk to rear a kid that is early maturing. The mature Boer Goat ram weighs between 110-135 kg (~240-300 lbs) and ewes between 90 and 100 kg (~200-225 lbs).

Performance records for this breed indicate exceptional individuals are capable of average daily gains over 0.44 lb/day (200 g/day) in feedlot. More standard performance would be 0.3-0.4 lbs/day (150-170 g/day). The ovulation rate for Boer goats ranges from 1 to 4 eggs/doe with an average of 1.7. A kidding rate of 200% is common for this breed. Puberty is reached early, ususally about 6 months for the males and 10-12 months for the females. The Boer goat also has an extended breeding season making possible 3 kiddings every 2 years.

3. KAMBING JAMNAPARI

Jamnapari is originated from the frontier of India and Pakistan, it has been imported from India to Indonesia since 1953. After years of breeding, Jamnapari has become the highest quality breed in Indonesia.

Jamnapari is famous for its large and graceful body. It has long ears and thick fur on rumps. Male Jamnapari is weighted up to 120 kg while the female is up to 90 kg. Though they are large in size, they are mild in nature. They like idling around the barn, looking for water and food.

4. KAMBING SAANEN (Kambing Tenusu)

The Saanen dairy goat originated in Switzerland, in the Saanen Valley. Saanen does are heavy milk producers and usually yield 3-4 percent milk fat. It is medium to large in size (weighing approximately 145 lbs/65kg) with rugged bone and plenty of vigor.

Does should be feminine, and not coarse. Saanens are white or light cream in color, with white preferred. Spots on the skin are not discriminated against. Small spots of color on the hair are allowable, but not desirable. The hair should be short and fine, although a fringe over the spine and thighs is often present. Ears should be erect and alertly carried, preferably pointing forward. The face should be straight or dished. A tendency toward a roman nose is discriminated against.

The breed is sensitive to excessive sunlight and performs best in cooler conditions. The provision of shade is essential and tan skin is preferable.

5. KAMBING TOGGENBURG (Kambing Tenusu)

The Toggenburg is a Swiss dairy goat from Toggenburg Valley of Switzerland at Obertoggenburg. They are also credited as being the oldest known dairy goat breed.

This breed is medium size, sturdy, vigorous, and alert in appearance. Slightly smaller than the other Alpine breeds, the does weight at least 120lb/55kg.

The hair is short or medium in length, soft, fine, and lying flat. Its color is solid varying from light fawn to dark chocolate with no preference for any shade. Distinct white markings are as follows: white ears with dark spot in middle; two white stripes down the face from above each eye to the muzzle; hind legs white from hocks to hooves; forelegs white from knees downward with a dark lien (band) below knee acceptable; a white triangle on either side of the tail; white spot may be present at root of wattles or in that area if no wattles are present. Varying degrees of cream markings instead of pure white acceptable, but not desirable. The ears are erect and carried forward. Facial lines may be dished or straight, never roman.

Toggenburgs perform best in cooler conditions. They are noted for their excellent udder development and high milk production, and have an average fat test of 3.7 percent.

6. Kambing Anglo-Nubian

Baka Anglo-Nubian bukan merupakan baka kambing tulen, sebaliknya ia merupakan hasil dari proses kacukan yang dijalankan secara bergenerasi di Eropah, di antara baka dari Asia (kemungkinan pejantan Jamnapari) dan baka kambing Eropah (kemungkinan induk Toggenburg).

Pejantan Anglo-Nubian tulen yang berangka besar

Induk Anglo-Nubian tulen yang berangka besar di samping merupakan pengeluar susu yang baik

Kambing Anglo-Nubian tulen sukar didapati di negara kita, tetapi baka kacukan yang terhasil di antara Anglo-Nubian dan kambing kampung (katjang) boleh didapati dengan mudah.

Induk kacukan kampung dan Anglo-Nubian yang terdapat dengan banyaknya di negara kita.

Selamat Datang !!!!!

Salam kepada semua pengunjung sekelian...

Blog ini dicipta dengan tujuan untuk memberi pelbagai maklumat dan panduan asas mengenai penternakan kambing kepada pengunjung yang ingin mengetahui sedikit sebanyak mengenai latarbelakang bidang penternakan ini. Ia juga memberi panduan mengenai langkah-langkah permulaan yang perlu diambil bagi mereka yang ingin menceburkan diri dalam bidang ini. Kami cuba memberi fokus kepada penternakan baka kambing yang lebih relevan dengan konsep penternakan komersil di negara Malaysia pada masa kini, terutamanya baka Boer dan Jamnapari.

Insya'Allah kami akan cuba untuk sentiasa mengemaskinikan blog ini serta mengisi dengan pelbagai maklumat bagi memberi panduan kepada penternak atau bakal penternak.

So, 'stay tuned'...